Emma Bowles. Honors English 10-3. March 13, 2017. Nathaniel

Emma Bowles Honors English 10-3 March 13, 2017 Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was a well known author of the 1800 century. He was mostly famous for his novel The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne wrote many romance novels as well as short stories. He had many awards and achievements from his works. Nathaniel Hawthorne was a famous romance novelist and short story writer with many works and achievements. Hawthorne’s background was rough at times but at the same time he had lots of support from his family. Nathaniel was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. Hawthorne’s family ancestors were some of the first puritans to live in New England (Merriman). His father, a sea captain, died in 1808 when Nathaniel was four†¦show more content†¦Nathaniel started maturing and soon went to college. After college he started to travel from one job to another. Then, in 1842, Hawthorne got married to Sophia Peabody. Later, they had three children, Una, Julian, and Rose. Una may have suffered from mental illnesses and died young. Julian moved westward served jail term for embezzlement. He also wrote a book about his father. Rose married George Patterson Lathrop. She converted to Roman Catholicism and took over her vows following Lathrop’s death as a nun (â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne†). Before getting married, Nathaniel changed his from Hathorne to Hawthorne because he did not want to be compared to his family members that were successful (Whitelaw 23). Nathaniel went to many schools throughout his lifetime. When he was six he was instructed by Francis Moore in a schoolhouse. After Hawthorne got hurt, he was instructed by Joseph Worcestor. For college, Nathaniel went to Bowdin University. At Bowdin, there were 38 freshmen and 5 staff members. While Hawthorne went to school there the curriculum focused on religion (Whitney). Hawthorne went to Bowdin from 1821-1824. While he was there, he became friends with Henry Longfellow, a poet, and Franklin Pierce, a futu re president. In college, Hawthorne had already started to write short stories and many were being published in magazines. One of his first was Fanshawe, published in 1828

International Business Management Research Paper

CAMBRIDGE ASSOCIATION OF MANAGERS Postgraduate Diploma in Management INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT The Impact of Fixed Exchange Rates in a Global Economy A Research Project Report on the Relevance of Fixed Exchange Rate Systems A case of World Vision Kenya Student’s Name: Hesbone Nzambuli Kang’e Registration Number: CAM/2006/PGD/KEN/00143 Purpose: Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Postgraduate Diploma in Management Presented to: Cambridge Association of Manger, International Examinations, UK August 2007 DECLARATION I declare that this project is my original work and has not been exhibited or published in any way and has never been presented for any awards in any†¦show more content†¦Further research is also recommended on the quantitative impact of FERSs on Not-For-profit organisations. These findings and recommendations will provide a reference point for WVK and other Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) as they endeavour to minimise the impacts of fluctuating ERs on its business. Researchers and academicians will draw lessons from these findings, especially as they design appropriate Exchange Rates Systems for NGOs. TABLE OF CONTENTS | |PAGE | Declaration i Acknowledgemnts ii Executive Summary iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables and Figures vi List of Tables vi List of Figures vi Definition of Terms, Abbreviations and Acronyms vii Definition of Key Operational Terms vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations viii Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1. Organisational Background 1 1.2. Research Context 1 1.3. Statement of the Problem 1 1.4. 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Outline and Assess Different Measures of Crime and Deviance Free Essays

When measuring crime and deviance sociologists use three different means, those are official statistics, self-report studies and victim surveys. These methods of collecting data have both strong points and weak points, but by combining them a possible general picture of crime and deviance could be drawn. The sociological theories have varying perspectives on the usefulness of generating measurable crime statistics and the validity of each method. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Assess Different Measures of Crime and Deviance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly official statistics are compiled and then published every 6 months by the Home Office, and are drawn from records kept by the police and other official agencies. But due to the fact that official statistics are only compiled from crime that has been reported leading to someone being charged and convicted of that crime those crimes that go unreported are obviously not included. By use of official statistics we can see trends in crime throughout history, which crime rates are rising and which are falling and from that starting point we can work out the reasons for this change. In my opinion though official statistics may not be able to cover every crime as not all is recorded it can still gives us a starting point when looking for crime trends and the sociological reasons behind that. For example we can see through looking at the downloadable PDF Social Trends 40 that crimes such as theft, vandalism and household crime have increased from last year and through further statistics we can see that gang activity has also increased we can then put two and two together to show us why these crimes are increasing through use of the official statistics. Feminists would argue that crimes that stereotypically affect women (such as domestic abuse or rape) are not covered in these statistics, as the women are too embarrassed or scared to come forward. As a result of this, feminists believe the statistics are not a realistic reflection on domestic or spousal abuse rates as the husbands or boyfriends are not being brought to justice. Similarly Marxists would argue that official statistics are incorrect but the Marxists argue that there wrong due to the fact that the bourgeoisie have manipulated them to create scapegoats. By creating scapegoats of the working classes the bourgeoisie can divide the proletariat making it easier for the capitalists to continue controlling them. Furthermore the under class are more strictly policed than the oppressive ruling class and therefore it looks on statistics that the working class are more prone to crime. This argument, like most of Marxism, is slightly reductionist as not every sociological issue can be so easily simplified to just the bourgeoisie oppressing the proletariat or capitalisms greed. The second method used to measure crime and deviance is a self-report study. A self report study would be a survey which would interview a number of people on their relationship with crime, this would be done through either an opportunity sample or through volunteers and the interview would most likely be structured or semi-structured. The usefulness of a self-report study is that it could reveal what are seen as ‘victimless crimes’ (such as drug use or under age drinking etc. ) or crimes that go unreported. This would then be able to compensate for the official statistics lack of these crimes, and then by combining the two give us a broader picture of crime in the UK. Another advantage of a self report study is that we can not only learn what crimes people commit but also we can see what age, ethnicity or social class there in showing us what members of our society are more likely to commit a certain crime. But by using a self-report study demand characteristics and socially desirable answers come into play. Because in contrast to the official statistics which are gathered from data which can be presumed to be true, self report studies rely on face-to-face interviews which gives people the opportunity to lie or to give an answer which they believe the interviewer will find pleasing. But this method does yield results, for example Bilton was able to show that 50 to 90% of the people he interviewed had committed a crime that could have landed them in court. This use of the self-report study helps us to see how much crime goes unreported or unnoticed and therefore how unrealistic the official crime statistics actually are. Similarly West and Farrington, who also did a self report study but on deviance rather than crime, found that a high percentage of those interviewed had engaged in, what society perceives as, a deviant. For example they found that 90% of interviewees admitted to having travelled on a train without a ticket, also 82% had broken a window of an empty house. But also West and Farmington’s study found that like Biltons the official statistics had missed out all crime – this is obvious as 40% admitted to stolen something from a shop and of that 40% only 8. % had been prosecuted of it. Victim surveys are the opposite to self report studies as instead of being asked about crimes you’ve committed a person is asked whether they have ever been a victim of crime, samples are taken on either a large scale (nationally) or on a small scale (locally). Through victim surveys, especially large ones such as the British Crime Survey, we are able to see any pattern or trends in victi misation that we wouldn’t have been able to see in the previous two methods. Victim surveys can show us if any race, age, social class or genders are more likely to targeted for a specific crime. Jock Young, a New Left Realist, did the first victim survey in Islington, it was able to show that the reason residents feared leaving the house was of the violent gangs committing crime and threatening those who tried to stop it. Victim surveys are able to provide the interviewee without a great deal of confidence as they can remain completely anonymous if they choose, in theory this should eliminate people being too scared or too embarrassed to admit to being a victim of crime. But this is not always the case, some people might find it too hard to admit to even themselves that they’ve been a victim of a crime, especially crimes such as rape or abuse. This altering of the truth is different from that seen sometimes in self-report studies as those lies are usually told to make the interviewee feel better or harder about them self (as nowadays committing crime is seen as ‘cool’ especially among youths). Similarly to official statistics Feminists would argue that lack of women admitting to being victims of sexual or physical abuse is due to the patriarchal society we live in and the male dominance seen throughout it. But victim surveys could be seen as possibly unreliable as, unlike in official statistics, experts do not do the categorization of crimes it is the interviewers themselves who may be skilled sociologists but are not trained specifically in the act of categorizing crime. This means that similar crimes can not be compared with the statistics as there may have been confusion over the classification; thus making it difficult to measure the crime. In my opinion the most logical way in which we should use the measures of crime and deviance is by using all of them together, instead of separately. Through this we will get a broader and clearer picture of crime in the UK as each method covers various holes in the other methods data. For example the official statistics may give us data on the reported crimes there is no way of knowing how many crimes go unreported, but through self-report studies can begin to see a general figure of unreported crimes. How to cite Outline and Assess Different Measures of Crime and Deviance, Papers

Factors Affecting Customer Loyalty free essay sample

For example, as Maxis Communications Berhad (â€Å"Maxis†) being one of the most favorable choice for users, Maxis believes that the main competitive factors in the mobile services market are network coverage, service quality, pricing and brand. Therefore, these could be the main factors that determine the level of customer loyalty towards Maxis. A critical issue for the continued success of a firm is its capability to retain its current customers and make them loyal to its brands (Dekimpe et al. , 1997). Customer loyalty is vital to a company as disloyal customers can amount to millions of lost revenue and profit. Studies were also conducted in the financial services industry show that increasing customer loyalty by 5 percent could lead to 25-75 percent profit growth (Chan et al. , 2001). Generally, loyalty is something that consumers may exhibit to brands, services, stores, product categories. Here, we use the term customer loyalty as opposed to brand loyalty; this is to emphasize that loyalty is a feature of people, rather than something inherent in brands. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Affecting Customer Loyalty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Oliver (1997) defines customer loyalty as a deeply held commitment to rebuy or repatronize a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand or same brand-set purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior. Due to the aggressive competition in the telecommunication industry, many companies are losing customers at a formidable rate. Thus, companies recognized the need to place greater emphasis on customer loyalty as there is perceived to be a link to profitability. In fact, loyal customers tend to purchase more, they will even accept higher prices and have a positive word-of-mouth effect, telling friends and family, thus adding them to the number of loyal customers. Besides, we clearly know that the cost of selling to new customers is much higher than the cost of selling to existing customers. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the existing factors and customer loyalty, at the same time to find out which factor is best to determine the level of customer loyalty. In this research, we proposed Maxis Communication Berhad as the research subject as it is known to be the main competitor in the mobile phone service market based in Malaysia. Potential factors affecting customer loyalty are discussed. Besides, a survey is carried out in Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long using a survey questionnaire. Data was obtained from 60 students who are currently Maxis users. The data collected was analyzed by using a statistical software package which is known as SPSS program. In order for companies to sustain in a competitive edge, building customer loyalty is rather crucial. Since loyalty is a key in customer development and profitability, it is important for organizations to understand the loyalty condition in more detail, and to use this understanding to develop the relationship further with customers which falls in the loyal category. The results of this study will provide evidence to organizations on what are the key reasons that possibly will influence customer to make repeating purchases. Hence, allowing organizations to focus on areas by viewing from customer’s perspective in which will result in higher profit and building a closer bond between the brand and current customers in its hoped to maintain current customer base. Literature Review The review of previous study from different resources has been revised to obtain a further understanding of the variables in this study. It is divided into three parts, which are the review of the literature, proposed conceptual framework and hypotheses development. Review of the literature shows relevant constructs, methodologies, and findings related to the study. Meanwhile, the proposed conceptual framework and hypotheses development shows the relationship of the variables constructed in this study. Customer Loyalty Three conceptual perspectives have been suggested to define customer loyalty: the behavioral perspective, the attitudinal perspective, and composite perspective (Bowen and Chen, 2001; Zins, 2001). Firstly, the behavioral perspective looks at repeat purchase behavior based on the customer’s purchase history. This approach assumes that preference structure of the customer is reflected in the customer’s behavior (Ehrenberg, 1988). In contrast, the attitudinal perspective allows gain in supplemental understanding of loyal behavior (Zins, 2001). Attitude signifies the degree to which a customer’s deposition towards a service is favorably inclined. (Grembler and Brown, 1996). Some examples of operational measures in attitudinal perspective are preference, buying intention, supplier prioritization and recommendation willingness (Fournier and Yao, 1997). The third perspective combines both attitudinal and behavioral definitions of loyalty. The composite perspective is considered an alternative to affective loyalty that increases the predictive power of loyalty (Pritchard and Howard, 1997). Essentially, loyal customers build businesses by buying more, paying premium prices, and providing new referrals through positive word of mouth over time (Ganesh et al. , 2000). Furthermore, loyal customers contribute to the company’s profitability by spending more on company products and services, via repeat purchasing, and by recommending the organization to other consumers (Bowen and Chen, 2001; Fesicova, 2004). Hence, the main objective of this study is to determine the potential determinants of customer loyalty towards Maxis and to test the relationships among these factors. Corporate Image Corporate image is described as the overall impression made in the minds of the public about a firm (Barich and Kotler, 1991). Meanwhile, Nyuyen and Leblanc (2001) claim that corporate image is related to the physical and behavioral attributes of the firm, such as business name, architecture, variety of products or services, and to the impression of quality communicated by each person interacting with the firm’s clients. Therefore, corporate image was early identified as an important factor in the overall evaluation of the service and the company (Bitner, 1991; Gronroos, 1984; Gummesson and Gronroos, 1988). Although a customer may not have enough information about a firm, information obtained from different sources such as advertisements and word of mouth will influence the process of forming the corporate image. (Andreassen, 1995). In addition, Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) added on that attitudes are functionally related to behavioral intentions. Hence, corporate image affects behavioral intentions such as customer loyalty (Johnson et al. 2001). According to Nguyen and Leblanc (2001), corporate image relates positively with customer loyalty in three sectors (telecommunication, retailing and education). Corporate image can therefore axis from all of a consumer’s experiences, results in different level of attitude towards the brand that leads to customer’s satisfaction and customer loyalty. Trust The degree by which an individual perceives a trust image to a brand is based on his or her experience with the brand. Therefore, the experience attributed will be influenced by any direct (e. g. rial, usage, satisfaction, and consumption) and any indirect contact (advertising, word of mouth, brand reputation) with the brand (Keller, 1998; Krishnan, 1996). Essentially, trust has been recognized as an important role in affecting relationship commitment (Morgan and Hunt, 1994) and so customer loyalty (Gundlach and Murphy, 1993). This is because when one party trusts another, it is likely to develop some form of positive behavioral intention towards the other party. Furthermore, when a customer trusts a brand, this means that he is also likely to form a positive buying intention towards the brand (Lau and Lee, 1999). On the other hand, it is claimed that there is a positive relationship between trust in a firm and customer loyalty, consistent with the past research (e. g. Chaudhuri and Holbrook, 2001; Lau and Lee, 1999). Furthermore, to trust a brand, customers should not only perceive positive outcomes but also believe that these positive outcomes will continue in the future. Service Quality Gronroos (1984) defined service quality as a perceived judgment, resulting from an evaluation process where customers compare their expectations with the service they perceive to have received. He further added that the quality of a service is dependent with two variables: expected service and perceived service, which is that any previous experience with a service could influence the expectations of a customer, whereas the perceived service is a result of a consumer’s perception of the service itself. Following the above definitions, service quality has also been described as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, that results from the comparison of expectations with performance (Balton and Drew, 1991; Parasuraman et al, 1988). According to several studies it is hypothesized that service quality will exert a direct positive influence on perceived value (e. g. Balton and Drew, 1991; Zeithaml 1988), on overall satisfaction (e. g. Cronin and Taylor, 1992) and it will have an indirect influence (e. g. Andreassen and Lindested, 1988) as well as a direct influence on future loyalty (Boulding, 1993; de Ruyter, 1998) Proposed Conceptual Framework The hypotheses among the corporate image, trust, service quality and customer loyalty: The conceptual framework above is the foundation of the research project, and describes the relationship among the four main variables which are customer loyalty, corporate image, trust, and service quality. Essentially, the independent variables include corporate image, trust, and service quality. On the other hand, customer loyalty is identified as the dependent variable. Hypotheses Development Based on the results of the previous studies, we formulated the hypotheses detailed below, with reference to the proposed conceptual model: H1:There will be a positive relationship between corporate image and customer loyalty. When customers are satisfied with the services rendered, their attitude towards the company is improved. (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998) This indicates that a desirable image leads to customer satisfaction and customer preference, while an undesirable image leads to dissatisfaction. H2:There will be a positive relationship between trust and customer loyalty. Trust is believed to be a critical variable that contributes to healthy and long-term relationships (Anderson and Weitz, 1989). This explains trust towards the company is strongly related with commitment that leads to customer loyalty. H3:There will be a positive relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. Recent research offers some evidence that perceived service quality has an impact on customer satisfaction, which in terms leads to later behaviors towards the service firm (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998). The internal quality and external value of the service will therefore contribute to customer loyalty. Research Method Maxis Communication Berhad is chosen as the research subject as it is well known as the main competitor in the mobile phone service market based in Malaysia. Also, Maxis is widely recognized and used by most of the students. Potential variables are identified and discussed and they include corporate image, trust towards Maxis, and the service quality offered by Maxis. Due to the huge population of students within campus, hence a sample of 60 is drawn. A survey was conducted and data was collected from 60 students who is currently subscribing to Maxis. A total of 30 male and 30 female are involved in this sample, the mean age of the sample is 21 years old. Sample characteristics appear to be representative of mobile phone users in UTAR. Probability sampling methods are selected for this research. Questionnaires are distributed equally to course representative of six different courses which includes Accounting, Marketing, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Banking and Finance, and Business Administration. The course representatives are informed to disseminate the questionnaires to any five guys and girls of their course, respondents are then randomly picked by the course representatives. Respondents are given a period of one week to complete the questionnaire. Later then, the completed survey questionnaires are collected from each of the course representative. Simple random sampling method was employed as this method provides more accurate and valid results. Our target samples are scattered over a wide area, thus we assigned our questionnaires to the course representatives for more efficient mode. Due to the large target population, we have also employed another approach which is stratified sampling. Here, we have stratified our population by genders, and respondents from different courses in a university. This would ensure better coverage of our targeted population for more desirable result. We have pursued quantitative approach in collecting data in our study for our research problem. As we have clearly defined the three determinants factor which affects the level of customer loyalty for Maxis, which are corporate image, trust, and also the service quality offered, the quantitative data we obtained is by using the various numeric means, in this case it is the Likert scale. Respondents are required to rank statements from 1 to number 7 based on their own perceptions and beliefs. Consequently customer loyalty, trust, corporate image, and service quality were measured using multiple indicators. Customer loyalty is measured using two loyalty indicators which are repurchase probability, and the likelihood of providing positive word-of-mouth to potential customers. Regarding the measure of trust (TR), a five-item scale was developed by using different but complementary definitions. The multiple indicators involved reliability, ethics, service quality, and cumulative process. Corporate image is an overall evaluation of the company and is measured using three indicators; overall opinion of the company, opinion of the company’s contribution to society, and customer’s liking of the company. In measuring perceived service quality, instead of the 22-item SERVQUAL instrument, a one-dimensional measure (seven-item scale) of perceived service quality relating to an evaluation of all the base services was used for reasons of data collection efficiency. (Bloemer et al. , 1998). We are pursuing the survey questionnaire method for our study. This survey questionnaire was carried out only for students in Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long. It is distributed to mobile phone users who are currently subscribing to Maxis. We chose survey questionnaire as our data collection method as it is the most economical method in collecting information within a relatively quick time. It is also cost effective when compared to face-to-face interviews as this research involves large sample size. Other than that, most of the students feel reluctant to be interviewed due to their jammed pack schedule they have. Survey questionnaires are the most familiar method to most people. Nearly everyone has had some experience completing questionnaires and they generally do not make students feel uneasy. Besides, the responses are gathered in a standardized way where it reduces bias. Questionnaires are also easy to analyze, and data entry for all surveys can be easily done with the computer software package and results can be obtained simply. Firstly, we distributed the written survey questionnaires to respondents which are Maxis users in Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR). The type of question used is close-ended question where the respondents choose among specific response options for each question. Here, respondents are able to provide both negative and positive answers based on their own perception. In section 1 of or questionnaire, the participants are first posed with three demographic questions namely their gender, age and the last question to stronger affirm whether the respondent is a Maxis user thus using a close ended question where a dichotomous answer such as yes or no is given as a choice. In the following sections, the questions capture data in several more categories which question respondents on their perception measures on the level of user’s loyalty towards Maxis. This section is to mainly identify the extent of customer’s loyalty towards Maxis. Subsequently, users are asked about their perception on the corporate image of Maxis, then their trust on Maxis, and finally the service quality offered by Maxis. Meanwhile the following sections are the three potential variables that may affect customer loyalty towards Maxis. All of the constructs in the model were measured using a multiple-item measurement scale. All measures used a five-point Likert-type response format. A list of measurement items was developed using input from the review of the literature related to our study. Respondents then rank this statement according to the degree to which they agree (I strongly agree, I somewhat agree, I have no opinion, I somewhat disagree, I strongly disagree) and to the degree to which they are satisfy as the anchors. We also have pretest the reliability and validity of our survey questionnaire questions. We have recognized that most Maxis user who has a high level of customer loyalty would most likely strongly agree to most of the positive statements and vice versa. Careful wording, format, and content of the statement are carefully described so that to reduce the unreliability of the question and be appropriate to the objectives of our research. For reliability, the items were submitted to reliability analysis via Cronbach’s alpha. The results for Reliability analysis is shown below. The reliability values of all the factors were either close to or greater than 0. 80. The reliability and validity analysis results indicate that the scales for the constructs appear to have satisfactory measurement qualities. Analysis and Findings Due to the difficulties in collecting data from large population, a sample of 60 is drawn. A survey was conducted within campus via questionnaires. A total of 30 male and 30 female mobile phone users are involved in this sample. Questionnaires are circulated equally to course representative of six different courses which includes Accounting, Marketing, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Banking and Finance, and Business Administration and later the course representatives will disseminate the questionnaire randomly to students of their course. The proposed model was analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 13. for Window Integrated Student Version). The biggest age group among the respondents is 21 years old. They consist more than half (55%) of the respondents. Second largest age group is 20 years old, which cover 18. 3% of the respondents, followed by 22 years old (10%). There are 6. 7% of 60 respondent is 23 years old, and 5% of them are 19 years old. Only 2 pers on from the respondents are 18 years old (3. 3%) and 1 is 25 years old (1. 7%). Respondents age (years old)FrequencyPercent 1823. 3 1935. 0 201118. 3 213355. 0 22610. 0 2346. 7 2511. 7 Total60100. 0 The mean for customer loyalty is the highest among four variables, which is 5. 4 (over full score of 7). It means the respondents are loyal to their telecommunication service provider, Maxis. The respondents perceive Maxis as having a good corporate image because they have a mean of 5. 31 for average summated score for corporate image. The mean of 5. 3 for average summated score for trust shows that the respondents trust Maxis. The mean score for the service quality of Maxis is lowest compare to other variables (5. 04), but overall the respondents are satisfied with the service provided. Below is the table of mean for average summated score for customer loyalty, corporate image, trust, service quality. Mean average summated score for customer loyalty5. 54 average summated score for corporate image5. 31 average summated score for trust5. 30 average summated score for service quality5. 04 The Cronbach’s Alpha for all the variables (customer loyalty, corporate image, trust, and service quality) used in our study are above 0. 6, which is the minimum acceptable level. All the items used in measuring the four variables are reliable. The items used to measure trust and service quality are very reliable because the Cronbach’s Alpha is more than 0. 8. Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha for customer loyalty (4 items)0. 44 corporate image (5 items)0. 662 trust (5 items)0. 822 service quality (5 items) 0. 838 T-test was performed to determine the association between gender and loyalty. The Levene’s test shows a p-value of 0. 2075 (p gt; 0. 05), therefore, equal variances are assumed. Furthermore, customers are loyal to this telecommunicating service provider partly because they think that Maxis has a healthy image and they have no reason to switch to its competitor, as long as they continue providing reasonable service to customers. The findings by Tor Wallin Andreasen and Lindestad (1998) reveals that corporate image is the primary driver of customer satisfaction for the package tour industry consolidated, and managers should seek to maximize the customer’s satisfaction by building a strong corporate image as well as securing high quality services. Surprisingly, in contrast to some previous study (e. . Aydin and Ozer, 2004; Bloemer et al. , 1998), we found that the service quality has an inverse relationship with customer loyalty, though it is significant but relatively weak. Maxis’ customer may not be loyal for the factor of service quality. The major Malaysia mobile telecommunicating market includes Celcom, DiGi, and Maxis. All of them provide co mpetitive and similar services. Our respondents may not perceive Maxis as a high quality telecommunicating service provider compared to its competitors, yet they still remain loyal to Maxis, and they still continuously subscribe Maxis’ services. In our opinion, this may be the reason of the inverse relationship revealed in this study. One of the limitations of the current is that our proposed model did not assess other related variables, such as perceived switching cost. The switching cost consists of different associated context, such as psychological, financial and procedural prospect. Therefore, these contexts should be measured and their effects should be examined. This approach may provide both empirical and theoretical information. Finally, due to the limitation of time and cost, we only conducted questionnaires on students of University Tunku Abdul Rahman. The following studies can be focused on switching cost and customer commitment to the telecommunication service provider. Besides, we may also measure the different aspects of customer satisfaction that leads to customer loyalty. Recommendation and Conclusion In a service industry that is becoming increasingly international, it is important to develop standardized measure to adequately capture consumer satisfaction, loyalty and commitment. Through such measurement, companies are able to understand how they are doing from their targeted customer’s point of view. Thus, giving them an opportunity to identify what it takes to ompete and finds ways to deliver better services to their customers and compare their achievements with competitors. It is becoming an industry-wide believe that the best core marketing strategy for the future is to try to retain existing customers by heightening customer loyalty and customer value (Kim et al. , 2004) Thus, what is more imperative than an org anization’s capability to retain customers to survive in an industry and maintaining a competitive edge over its competitors. Customer loyalty has become the most important determinant factor of a company’s profitability. The results from this study have important implications for the Malaysian mobile telecommunications industry; Maxis. We can conclude that analysis results show that Maxis’s customer loyalty is determined by the three most vital factors following a sequence which are trust, corporate image, and the service quality offered by Maxis. Perhaps, Maxis needs to gain the benefit of doubt from customer’s viewpoint by emphasizing on ways to develop trust of customers towards them as there is a direct positive relationship between trust and customer’s loyatly. To better strengthen the evidence of customer’s loyalty towards Maxis, respondents perceived Maxis as having a good corporate image, and thoroughly trust Maxis and shows satisfaction with the service offered by Maxis. However, gender differences have no significant association with customer loyalty. The results imply that Maxis should place greater emphasis on achieving high levels of customer’s trust. To better serve customers, Maxis can look at the behavior of their repeat buyers and decipher the reason why they come back for more. For some, customers may stay with Maxis as in their view, Maxis is the best around. Never at once assume that inertia will keep customers buying. In order to gain customer’s confidence, they must bend their efforts and not forgetting its staff efforts toward giving each and every customer the service that they desire. Generally, customer’s loyalty is controlled by how well we service their needs. Besides, we would suggest to that Maxis should respond to complaints immediately in order to raise the trust among current customers. If conflicts are address and resolve promptly, the appreciative customer is in many cases more likely to be loyal than a customer who never had a complaint. In addition, a surefire way to increase loyalty is to offer your customers rewards, such as free merchandise or discounts, for shopping with you on a regular basis. A well-planned loyalty program will help you identify and compensate deserving patrons. Then, we would recommend studying on other possible antecedents which could have an influence on telecommunication industry customer loyalty, for example, some of the dimensions which constitute reputation and awareness; as well as the switching costs. Such factors are important to the process of adding value to service offerings and, hence, achieving competitive advantage in the telecommunication industry.

Beijing free essay sample

I’m going to look at how Beijing’s (while mentioning China) climate will be affected and change if the average temperature will rise, creating global warming around the world. An overview of how Beijing’s weather and climate is currently. Average temperature in January is -7o to -4o C, while average temperatures in July are at 25o to 26  °C. Highest temperature ever recorded is 42 °C and lowest recorded is -27 °C. Annual precipitation is over 600 mm, with 75% of that in summer. Beijing is located in a high pressure area. Under the scorching sun in summer, heavy rainstorms also sees to occur late in the season. The citys climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate characterized by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoons, and generally cold, windy winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone. Frequent typhoons coming from the Pacific Ocean also influence the city but in a minor scale, most of the typhoons make their direction for Japan and never really reaches into Beijing. We will write a custom essay sample on Beijing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Springtime weather in Asia produces intense wind storm events that can pass over the Gobi Desert along the northern China / Mongolia. These prevailing westerly winds brings dust from the desert and trough suspension carries the sand dust via Beijing and further on. This threatens Beijing by a rolling tide of sand advancing on the capital from the Gobi Desert that is responsible for the massive dust storms every spring. If we then assume that the average temperature is rising, I think that the long term warming will cause a bit more spreading (in number) of natural hazards such as monsoons, (droughts), typhoons leading to more severe rainfall. Since the typhoons never really reaches the city but foremost Japan (due to the coriolis force/effect) the size and number may increase and then there will be more rain. Mostly this happens if the ocean currents are warm. The precipitation from both the monsoons and typhoons but also through convectional rainfall will eventually increase leading to e. g. floods (in coastal areas) and agricultural crops may die or grow (depending of what type of crops and its surrounding) more because of the intense rainfall. The temperature rises heating the land more which makes moist, warm air which becomes less dense and is forced to rise as strong convectional currents. In this picture below you can see were most of the precipitation occurs due to e. g. monsoons in the southern China, in the summer when there is strong solar radiation and the rain period is at its highest in Beijing. If we would see a similar picture but in present time or in about 10 years from now I would say that the color of amount precipitation in Beijing would be more in the blue scale. Because the winds bring more moist and rain clouds since the earth is moving. The climatic change may even change or disrupt the monsoonal pattern. In winter the temperature can be very low but if the global temperature rises I think so will the cold temperatures. It will not be as cold in the future as it is now. The Gobi Deserts sand dunes are already slowly expanding with winds blowing the sand towards the capital. In their wake, these massive dust storms have left entire towns abandoned and refugees left in a high number. The dust storms have probably also brought some weather effects due to the high altitude transportation of the sand. These winds are capable of generating huge yellow clouds of suspended dust which based on the direction of the prevailing wind can be sent out to sea to North America. And even have an impact on the visibility across different regions in the south western United States Part of the reason for why these dust storms are so severe, is maybe because the soil is so loose and fine. In addition to the fact that sandstorms cause such inconvenience in people’s lives, they also influence agricultural production, transportation and shipping, and other industries, and cause serious economic damage. The problem is overgrazing and deforestation which causes many land areas in China to become a desert. Due to this desert spreading that is getting closer to Beijing the government is planning to plant a â€Å"green wall† of millions of trees between Beijing and the sands. The plants should be planted to bind the soil more effectively. Some of the smaller rivers or lakes could even disappear due to the desert spreading cutting of water supply. And the larger rivers that transports some of the melting glaciers from the Himalayas could expand and lead to flooding in some cases. The air pollution from the city results in damage to air and water quality, agriculture and human health, with acid rain falling down. The climatic change will also have a great impact on the economy since they have to prevent some hazard from spreading far too much but the economy will also lose a lot of money if the agricultural farming is reduced every year. But if the rainfall changes the agricultural problem will give the economy a profit. Many people would have to leave their homes to try to find another place to grow their crops or move into the main city to try and find a job. Due to arable agriculture and overgrazing wind removes the soil so that soil erosion occurs. Then, during times of erosive rainfall or windstorms, soil may be detached, transported, and (possibly travelling a long distance) deposited. It has impacts which are both on-site (at the place where the soil is detached) and off-site (wherever the eroded soil ends up). As a conclusion Beijing will probably have more rainfall due to the monsoons and typhoons. The desert will increase or decrease (not expand as much) depending on how much it will rain and if the soil is nutrient enough to let vegetation grow. But if it increases Beijing will suffer from more dust storms as a thick layer of haze that can reduce direct solar radiation, it can have a dramatic impact on the visibility. It will also get warmer in the city since the air pollution is very high making a sort of cover over the area, thereby trapping the sun radiation from going back out into the atmosphere, making it more humid. The temperature will get higher during all seasons but in a slow process. The economic development may decrease because of manly the loss of agricultural land to soil erosion. Beijing free essay sample I’m going to look at how Beijing’s (while mentioning China) climate will be affected and change if the average temperature will rise, creating global warming around the world. An overview of how Beijing’s weather and climate is currently. Average temperature in January is -7o to -4o C, while average temperatures in July are at 25o to 26  °C. Highest temperature ever recorded is 42 °C and lowest recorded is -27 °C. Annual precipitation is over 600 mm, with 75% of that in summer. Beijing is located in a high pressure area. Under the scorching sun in summer, heavy rainstorms also sees to occur late in the season. The citys climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate characterized by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoons, and generally cold, windy winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone. Frequent typhoons coming from the Pacific Ocean also influence the city but in a minor scale, most of the typhoons make their direction for Japan and never really reaches into Beijing. We will write a custom essay sample on Beijing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Springtime weather in Asia produces intense wind storm events that can pass over the Gobi Desert along the northern China / Mongolia. These prevailing westerly winds brings dust from the desert and trough suspension carries the sand dust via Beijing and further on. This threatens Beijing by a rolling tide of sand advancing on the capital from the Gobi Desert that is responsible for the massive dust storms every spring. If we then assume that the average temperature is rising, I think that the long term warming will cause a bit more spreading (in number) of natural hazards such as monsoons, (droughts), typhoons leading to more severe rainfall. Since the typhoons never really reaches the city but foremost Japan (due to the coriolis force/effect) the size and number may increase and then there will be more rain. Mostly this happens if the ocean currents are warm. The precipitation from both the monsoons and typhoons but also through convectional rainfall will eventually increase leading to e. g. floods (in coastal areas) and agricultural crops may die or grow (depending of what type of crops and its surrounding) more because of the intense rainfall. The temperature rises heating the land more which makes moist, warm air which becomes less dense and is forced to rise as strong convectional currents. In this picture below you can see were most of the precipitation occurs due to e. g. monsoons in the southern China, in the summer when there is strong solar radiation and the rain period is at its highest in Beijing. If we would see a similar picture but in present time or in about 10 years from now I would say that the color of amount precipitation in Beijing would be more in the blue scale. Because the winds bring more moist and rain clouds since the earth is moving. The climatic change may even change or disrupt the monsoonal pattern. In winter the temperature can be very low but if the global temperature rises I think so will the cold temperatures. It will not be as cold in the future as it is now. The Gobi Deserts sand dunes are already slowly expanding with winds blowing the sand towards the capital. In their wake, these massive dust storms have left entire towns abandoned and refugees left in a high number. The dust storms have probably also brought some weather effects due to the high altitude transportation of the sand. These winds are capable of generating huge yellow clouds of suspended dust which based on the direction of the prevailing wind can be sent out to sea to North America. And even have an impact on the visibility across different regions in the south western United States Part of the reason for why these dust storms are so severe, is maybe because the soil is so loose and fine. In addition to the fact that sandstorms cause such inconvenience in people’s lives, they also influence agricultural production, transportation and shipping, and other industries, and cause serious economic damage. The problem is overgrazing and deforestation which causes many land areas in China to become a desert. Due to this desert spreading that is getting closer to Beijing the government is planning to plant a â€Å"green wall† of millions of trees between Beijing and the sands. The plants should be planted to bind the soil more effectively. Some of the smaller rivers or lakes could even disappear due to the desert spreading cutting of water supply. And the larger rivers that transports some of the melting glaciers from the Himalayas could expand and lead to flooding in some cases. The air pollution from the city results in damage to air and water quality, agriculture and human health, with acid rain falling down. The climatic change will also have a great impact on the economy since they have to prevent some hazard from spreading far too much but the economy will also lose a lot of money if the agricultural farming is reduced every year. But if the rainfall changes the agricultural problem will give the economy a profit. Many people would have to leave their homes to try to find another place to grow their crops or move into the main city to try and find a job. Due to arable agriculture and overgrazing wind removes the soil so that soil erosion occurs. Then, during times of erosive rainfall or windstorms, soil may be detached, transported, and (possibly travelling a long distance) deposited. It has impacts which are both on-site (at the place where the soil is detached) and off-site (wherever the eroded soil ends up). As a conclusion Beijing will probably have more rainfall due to the monsoons and typhoons. The desert will increase or decrease (not expand as much) depending on how much it will rain and if the soil is nutrient enough to let vegetation grow. But if it increases Beijing will suffer from more dust storms as a thick layer of haze that can reduce direct solar radiation, it can have a dramatic impact on the visibility. It will also get warmer in the city since the air pollution is very high making a sort of cover over the area, thereby trapping the sun radiation from going back out into the atmosphere, making it more humid. The temperature will get higher during all seasons but in a slow process. The economic development may decrease because of manly the loss of agricultural land to soil erosion.

Free Essays on Stability and Continuity

The Importance of Stability and Continuity Stability is important, because it helps to predict how an individual criminal behavior will be in the future based on what they have done in the past. Studies have shown that those individuals that have criminal records as adults, had behaviors as toddlers or teenagers that demonstrated that there would be problems in the future. The theory is that the past will predict the future based on how frequent these behavior patterns occurred and if those crimes committed decreased or increase in the seriousness of the crime. However, this becomes a tricky situation, because children are capable of change, but their behavior as children does play a major role in the criminal activities that they engage in as teenagers and adults. If a child is born into a family that has a criminal past are likely to have a criminal past themselves. Many believe this to be the case, because the child grows up within an environment of negative influences and as a result, they know nothing different and don’t have positive influences to encourage them to do better. If these issues of aggression that could and probably will lead to criminal behavior, are addressed at an early age, the better the chances of intervention. With the proper treatment and guidance as children, offenders could be law abiding citizens, instead of offenders. This is why stability is so important, since it is stability that will give the information necessary to determine the likelihood of a child of teenager becoming an offender. It would be these warning signs that would be used to determine the type of intervention to be used to prevent criminal activity. Children are vulnerable, because they aren’t able to make sense of what they are doing as being wrong, if they have seen individuals within their family and outside their family conduct criminal activity. Different issues play major parts in behavior especially when dealing with chil... Free Essays on Stability and Continuity Free Essays on Stability and Continuity The Importance of Stability and Continuity Stability is important, because it helps to predict how an individual criminal behavior will be in the future based on what they have done in the past. Studies have shown that those individuals that have criminal records as adults, had behaviors as toddlers or teenagers that demonstrated that there would be problems in the future. The theory is that the past will predict the future based on how frequent these behavior patterns occurred and if those crimes committed decreased or increase in the seriousness of the crime. However, this becomes a tricky situation, because children are capable of change, but their behavior as children does play a major role in the criminal activities that they engage in as teenagers and adults. If a child is born into a family that has a criminal past are likely to have a criminal past themselves. Many believe this to be the case, because the child grows up within an environment of negative influences and as a result, they know nothing different and don’t have positive influences to encourage them to do better. If these issues of aggression that could and probably will lead to criminal behavior, are addressed at an early age, the better the chances of intervention. With the proper treatment and guidance as children, offenders could be law abiding citizens, instead of offenders. This is why stability is so important, since it is stability that will give the information necessary to determine the likelihood of a child of teenager becoming an offender. It would be these warning signs that would be used to determine the type of intervention to be used to prevent criminal activity. Children are vulnerable, because they aren’t able to make sense of what they are doing as being wrong, if they have seen individuals within their family and outside their family conduct criminal activity. Different issues play major parts in behavior especially when dealing with chil...

Home safety assessmeny Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Home safety assessmeny - Coursework Example L The presence of a chair in the balcony as well as unenclosed reagents has the greatest potential of jeopardizing with the safety of my household members. The children in my household are ever active and curious, and as a result of these it is evident that their safety is at risk. M I have decided to ensure that the door to the balcony is ever closed when an adult is not around. I also lock all reagents and lotions in their respective shelves after and before use. To prevent children from being burnt, I will ensure that the kitchen is always under key and lock when all adults are out of home. N This evaluation assignment has enabled me realize that there are a lot of things that we do ignore in our respective homes that are very detrimental to our own health. It has also made learn the essence of ensuring everything is well stored at home so as to reduce the health hazard

The ethical appraisal of the scientific paper which is about placeobo Essay

The ethical appraisal of the scientific paper which is about placeobo uploaded - Essay Example This paper discusses one such experiment conducted on live human subjects with use of a sham acupuncture device and an inert pill (composed mostly of starch and colored blue); the objective of the experiment was to determine the placebo effects and also measure how its supposedly enhanced effects can possibly alter the course of the ailment, which was persistent arm pain (upper extremities) due to repetitive use strain injury (Kaptchuk et al. 1). Issues on ethics are examined in the way this experiment was conducted, selection of participants, how informed consent was obtained, and other related ethical issues which might adversely affect them. In terms of selection of potential participants, the study was conducted in an ethical manner as all selected participants were willing to join the study; this means participation was voluntary, and they can opt out at any time they want at any period during the study. Further, all of them were informed of the probable side effects (pain aggravation for acupuncture and dryness of the mouth, dizziness, sleepiness and restlessness for amitriptyline) and so informed consent was properly obtained all throughout the recruitment process (ibid. 2). A study physician was always assigned and present for the duration of the research study to ensure safety of subjects, such as if they ever experienced nocebo or any side effects whatsoever. Moreover, the study authors intentionally shortened the run-in period from the original four weeks to two weeks to minimize any possible harm that might result if the participants were deprived of actual treatment for longer periods. However, an ethical ques tion is always raised by the use of placebo treatments, because the sick participants were deprived of the treatments that could have cured them of the disease or at least minimized their pain or symptoms. This was actually what happened, as several participants within the

Letter from a Birmingham Jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter from a Birmingham Jail - Essay Example King gave bits and pieces of the letter to his attorneys to take back to movement’s head office, where Reverend Walker started putting together and editing the legendary jigsaw puzzle. Martin Luther King's letter is a statement put out by eight white Birmingham clergymen on April 12, 1963, known as "A Call for Unity". King composed this letter in reply to that statement. The clergymen concurred that social unfairness existed in the United States, but argued that the fight against racial discrimination should be fought only in the courts, and not in the streets. The clergymen condemned Martin Luther King, referring to King as an interloper who creates problems in the streets of Birmingham. In reply to this, Martin Luther King referred to his principle that all states, as well as communities, were interconnected. King wrote that injustice in any place is a threat to justice in every place. People are caught in an unavoidable system of mutuality, tied in one garment of fortune. A ccording to King, whatever concerns a person directly, concerns everybody indirectly. He said this to prove to the clergymen that anybody who resides inside the United States cannot be taken as an outsider. Martin Luther wanted to show his regrets about the protests that were taking place in Birmingham. He, however, felt that the African American people had no choice but to protest due to the way they were being oppressed by the whites. The clergymen, nevertheless, condemned the massive tension caused by the protests. In reply to this, Martin Luther King affirmed that he plus his fellow protestors were using peaceful actions so as to create tension that would put pressure on the wider society to face the matter head on. The protestors hoped to cause tension (King, 462). They hoped to create a non-violent tension that would lead to the development. This is as written down in King’s letter. King wanted to inform the clergymen that without peaceful forceful actions, proper civil rights could never be attained. The clergymen also condemned the timing of the protests. King, however, wanted to show the clergymen that they had waited long enough for these God given rights. Opposing the clergymen’s statement that the protest was against the law, King argued that not only was civil defiance justified in the face of undeserved laws but that everybody has a moral task of disobeying unfair laws. Luther’s letter contains the famous statement that stated inequality at any situation is a threat to impartiality everywhere (King, 462). Some of the various topics that King was trying to convey are: direct actions, civil rights as well as discrimination. According to King, direct action is a just form of political activism which seeks to remedy political, social as well as economic ills. Direct action is often urgent and challenging. It can contain such activities as workplace occupations, strikes, sit-ins, guerrilla warfare, and demonstrations among others (King, 462). Direct actions are sometimes a form of civil defiance and can contain illegal actions, but it is for the good of a society. King also wanted to show to people that racial discrimination is an ill-mannered culture and that everybody deserved to be treated equally. Finally, Martin Luther King was against deprivation of civil rights to the American citizens especially the African Ameri

Case Study: An English Language Learner

Case Study: An English Language Learner Introduction Second Language Acquisition (SLA) or L2 (language 2) acquisition refers to the process by which a person learns a second language, in addition to their first language (L1). Although it is referred to as SLA, it applies not only to the acquisition of a second language but a third and fourth also, covering any other language apart from the first (Stefà ¡nsson, 2013). The purpose of this case study is to provide a holistic depiction of an L2 English language learner relative to topics such as educational and cultural background, language learning experiences, language learning preference, the status of English in the learners home language as well as the extent to which the learner identifies with being bilingual/multilingual. This case study will draw upon the learners own experience while including relevant theories and literature. Finally, I will conclude this case study by making recommendations on any future developments the learner can make based on their own experience, my analysis of their language as well as drawing on relevant literature. For ethical reasons the learner will be referred to as Jane from here on. Jane is a 22-year-old Aston University student; living in Birmingham, West Midlands with her parents, who are both teachers, and her two siblings. Currently studying Sociology and International Relations, Jane enjoys reading novels in her spare time while holding down a part time job as a Waitress. English is one of three languages spoken by Jane. The first being Urdu, the language used to communicate with her parents and family back in her home country of Pakistan. English is used most commonly, used for daily life at university, work and occasionally at home but only with her two siblings. Lastly, French, which has been picked up as a third language. Jane Doe classes herself as an intermediate French speaker. Having taken a placement year in 2016, she has had the opportunity to develop her French while teaching English to learners in France for a year. Learners Background Although Jane is technically considered an L2 leaner she speaks English as a native speaker would, as well as understanding the grammatical and structural rules of English language, she is well versed in linguistic features such as idiomatic expressions and acronyms. Born in Lahore, Pakistans second largest city, she came to Britain at a young age with no proficiency in English language, neither spoken nor written. By the IELTS speaking band descriptors, Jane was a band one with no relatable English, unable to communicate. At the time the education system in Lahore only required children to start learning English in year 6, which meant she had not had the opportunity to learn English at school as she left in year 4. As English was not spoken in her home, she came Birmingham with only the ability to communicate in her home dialect, Urdu. Coming to Britain at such a young age gave Jane a slight edge when learning English as she found she picked things up a little quicker than if she ha d relocated at an older age. It is very common for primary schools in Birmingham to provide English language assists in primary education due to the high number of migrant families something along this lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Fortunately, her primary school teacher had a teaching assist who happened to speak her dialect, this greatly aided her English language acquisition, as she had someone who could break down the difficult grammar and vocabulary in a language she understood. As English was not spoken in her home, school was her only medium for learning English and this support system not only improved her English but also her confidence, the ability to interact with native speakers drove her passion to want to learn English. She quickly found herself watching television programmes in English and reading English books. By the time she left primary school at 11, she was fluent in English. After two years of schooling and a combination of English language lessons, her English was already at an advanced level. Generally young learners have more of a positive attitude towards SLA and are highly motivated. Despite studies showing motivation in young learners beginning very high and decreasing over time (Nikolov and Djigunovic 2006), English has become somewhat of a passion for Jane. Although it was a necessary tool for her early years, she thoroughly enjoyed studying English Language and Literature at GCSE and A Level and plans to pursue a higher education programme in English Literature in the future. Effects of Bilingualism Most of the worlds population is multilingual. Two thirds of children globally are brought up in bilingual environments (Crystal, 1997). It is important to consider a learners environment when trying to form a well-rounded analysis of their L2, especially as a bilingual learner as there are more factors to consider. While bilingualism has not proven to have inherent negative effects on language development, there are many variables that affect a bilingual childs progress. These variables include the context in which language is learned, parental attitudes towards bilingualism, the status of the language(s) in the community and the socio-cultural context surrounding the childs growth (Bialystok, Majumder and Martin, 2003). The general encouragement a child receives while learning English as a second language tends differ per learner and their background. Regardless, a positive outcome is more likely to result from the encouragement and respect shown not only towards the second languag e but also the native dialect. Both factor and play an important role in a childs development and attitude towards language (Bialystok, 2008). SPEAK ON HER PARENTS BILINGUALISM ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENGLISH AT HOME AND IN HOME COUNTRY HOW TO THIS AFFECTED HER LEARNING ENGLISH Research Methodology Identify errors first then explain them Data collection is often used to set the direction and boundary for a study. Several factors are considered before data collection begins, including but not limited to: setting a time frame for collecting data (for this case study I only needed an afternoon as the interview took 25 minutes), deciding what type of participant is needed (an English language learner), and a location (Bryman, 2012). As the learner is also a student at Aston University, the interview took place in a private room in the university library. The primary aim of this case study is to devise a well-rounded representation of an English language learner, to do this effectively the planning and completion of an interview with a learner, was essential. Research shows that one of the most flexible and widely used methods of gaining information about a persons experience, feelings and views is through an interview (Oxford Journals, 2016). Interviews are a qualitative approach to data collection; they are one of several methods used to understand the underlying motivations and reasons behind a topic, to gain an insight into a problem or develop a hypothesis. Qualitative methods differ slightly, notably by analysis as opposed to collection. The analysis of quantitative methods employ more of a numerical approach to quantifying a problem, the data is usually transformed into useable statistics which is not a necessity for this study. Dr Nathan Page, a professor at Aston University, organised the pairing of learners. To make the process fair, several names of learners were placed into a hat and I picked a name at random. Prior to my interview I completed an ethics form as well as preparing the questions I planned to ask my learner. As the University Ethics Committee requires all research involving human subjects to submit ethics forms for review, my form had to be approved before I could progress with the interview. This also ensures my research meets the standards of ethical research expected by the University. My interview took place in week 11 of the first term in the 2016/17 academic year. In preparing for my interview I considered some of the ethical issues which could arise from my research such as; the sensitivity behind subject matters, the English proficiency levels of my learner and any discomfort that may arise during the interview. I recorded the interview for research purposes so I also had to conside r any issues which may result from this. To protect the learner, I addressed these issues by expressing their right to anonymity further emphasised with the use of a pseudonym throughout this case study. The recording was taken on a password protected device, not shared and will be deleted as soon as this research is completed. Their right to withdraw was made clear to the learner verbally and on a consent form, along with the other rights, which she signed prior to the interview. Taking point from Mann (2011) I ensured greater focused remained on myself during the interview, by influencing the learners responses to a certain extent I could effectively control the direction of the interview while still giving the learner flexibility to elaborate her answers. This minimised the risk to my safety while remaining mindful of the learner. Using co-construction, I could elicit certain details which were of relevance to my analysis that otherwise, may not have been obtained. Learners Educational Background I would classify Jane a sequential bilingual, Jane began learning English with a high proficiency in Urdu. Jane, Pakistan born, began her education in Lahore the countrys second largest city. The primary education system was slightly different in pre-2002 with English being introduced into the curriculum from year 6, as opposed to recent years where English has been taught to school children at a much earlier age (Coleman and Capstick, 2012). In Janes case learning English was an immediate priority once she arrived in England. During our interview Jane Doe talks about coming to England in 2002 with her family although her parents had relocated years before for work purposes. At 8 and a half, with no prior knowledge of English, she recalls reading newpapers and watching the news to gage some sort of understanding of the language before starting school. Fortunately, upon starting school an English language teaching assistant was present, easing the transition was made easier as the TA spoke her home dialect, Urdu. As the curriculum was taught in English, the teaching assistant ensured Jane Doe did not fall behind in her studies by acting as a translator, while also helping with her English language acquisition. [LINK TO SOME SORT OF STUDY OF TEACHING ASSISTS IN AREAS OF HIGH IMMIGRATION] In her first-year of learning English, Jane had after school classes to improve her English language, these were often very informal with few specialised activities to target grammar. Reflecting an audiolingual approach to teaching which is based on the behaviourist theory of learning, these lessons focused on oral practice, repetition, pronunciation and communication. Janes language teacher adopted more of a communicative approach teaching, which is reflected in the way she speaks today. Communicative language teaching aims to educate the learner on communicative competency as opposed to grammatical competency (Richards, 2006). Jane vividly recalls these lessons focusing more on vocabulary and helpful phrases. While they were helpful, she found her strength in language acquisition came mostly from watching English or Asian programmes with English subtitles or reading books and newspapers. As indicated by Altenaichinger (2003), CLT has been highly favoured by teachers over the past 2 0 years, scholars have also agreed because of the central focus on the learner and CLTs emphasis on communicative proficiency in teaching. In the early 2000s English was not as widely spoken in Pakistan, she found it difficult to rely on her parents for assistance as they had only began learning English two years prior and had little knowledge to help. Research shows that children find it easier to learn a second language as they are still learning the mechanics of their first language, they have not yet developed the advanced elements of grammar and still use simpler syntax making the standard fluency much lower (The Telegraph, 2013). Jane took it upon herself to learn English, she explains although it was necessary for school she genuinely enjoyed reading and still does, she frequently reads books and articles to improving her lexis. the extent to which the learner identifies with being bilingual/multilingual Analysis of Learners English As Jane acquired English through a largely unstructured approach, I will begin her language analysis by using Ellis and Barkhuizens (2005) Error Analysis (EA). Error analysis is a very important area of SLA and foreign language learning (FLL) (Jabeen, 2015). It is typically a good first step in analysis due to its systematic nature and while errors are not always bad, they play a crucial part in the process of learning a language. The theoretical framework of analysis will mirror Corders (1974) classification of errors into four principle categories; addition, omission, selection and ordering. Consider the sample below, an extract taken from my interview with Jane: J A N E: So yeah just like erm at some point it was like I need to teach them how to do this but you know erm- I NT E R V I E W E R: -mhm hmm- J A N E: -I donno know how to do it myself because Ive just learnt it- I NT E R V I E W E R:- you just picked it up J A N E: -Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything erm speaking of grammar so it was just like you know we take it for granted that I can speak it but actually its really difficult to learn it, the English language, and I felt like that actually French was much easier to learn I NT E R V I E W E R: mhm hmm- J A N E: -than English was. _____________________________________________________________________________ Table 1 Lines 17 to 27 of Partial Transcription of Interview The sample of learner language in Table 1 was collected from a partial transcription of my brief and informal 25-minute interview with Jane, whose L1 is Urdu. It is important to consider these environmental factors when analysing the language. The sample was collected as part of this study, throughout the interview semi structured questions were used which allowed the learner to speak more freely. Some learners are exposed to different varieties of English language which differ from the standard dialect (Ellis, 1994). For example, in comparison with the norms of British standard English the utterance: Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything is perfectly normal and often considered a colloquial form of speech. However, grammatically speaking including really falls under the category of an addition. Dulay, Burt and Krashen (1982), as part of their surface strategy taxonomy of errors, define additions as the presence of an item that must not appear in well-formed utterances. With that said, it is important to note never really has become normalised in British spoken English, especially in younger generations. Therefore, I would class this as more of a mistake than an error. Generally, errors arise from lack of knowledge and competency, which doesnt seem to be the case here, rather a processing problem in which the learner has fallen back on an alternative, non-standard rule that they find easier to access. Mistakes are a regular feature of native-speaker speech and can arise for several reasons; memory limitations, competing plans or lack of automaticity. By the IELTS speaking band descriptors, Jane falls within the remit of a band 8 (British Council), communicating fluently with occasional repetition with little self-correction. Points are developed coherently and appropriately while sentences remain error-free with a few non-systematic mistakes which can be overlooked. Consider the sample below, an extract taken from my interview with Jane: J A N E: You know when you go to the shops or the malls, they all [Pakistan locals] speak their own language, but now that I go back its a lot more modernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I do live in a city Im not from the village sideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I live in the second biggest city of Pakistan so now that Ive been back its quite modern- I NT E R VI E W E R: -mhmm hmm J A N E: So you know people will er dress er in er a erm westernised wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ its very westernised so they speak English as well in their everyday lives they, they speak English maybe with their parents as well- I N T E R V I E W E R: -mhmm hmm Table 2 Lines 44 to 53 of Partial Transcription of Interview This data is extracted from my informal interview with Jane using unstructured open interview questions. Lets consider ordering. Dulay, Burt and Krashen describe misordering as the incorrect placement of a morpheme or groups of morphemes in an utterance. While discussing the status on English in her home country, Jane says: But now that I go back its a lot more modern Taylor (1989) points out the reason for this error may be psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, or epistemic. Psycholinguistic reasons are more to do with the learners knowledge of language and difficulties with producing this knowledge. Sociolinguistic sources stem from the learners ability to adjust their language with the social context. Epistemic reasons centre around result of lack of world knowledge. As the error is repeated: so now that Ive been back its quite modern It has been disregarded as a mistake and as such will be analysed as an error. Competency errors can happen for three reasons, Richards (1971) distinguishes these as; interference, intralingual and unique. Interference errors can occur as a result of the use of elements from one language while speaking another. It is quite possible Jane has transferred the rules of discourse from her L1, Urdu, as the morphemes may be arranged that way in an equivalent sentence. The interview took on a very informal structure, the conversation reflected that of two friends talking in a social context. Therefore, analysing her language proved quite difficult to some degree, Janes speech reflects a native and many of her mistakes or errors are a feature present in native language speech. USE MORE EXAMPLES J A N E: -not a lot of people spoke Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I N T E R V I E W E R: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hmm Recommendations for Learner For language learners, I believe it is vital to be exposed to opportunities which allow them to explore language in a classroom and to practice it in a social context. The notion that language is learned by doing has been at the forefront of teaching for many years however it doesnt necessarily relate to all learners. Although studies show that children learn language best through imitations, games and singing, moving forward I feel the activities that would benefit Jane most are those which focus on grammar. In spoken discourse, her fluency and accuracy enable her to converse very well with native English speakers. However, she is keen to build up her vocabulary and improve the complexity of language. By improving her grammar, Jane should find it easier to form more complex sentences without too much hesitation. 6) Recommendations for learner (relate to any identified development needs/what specific activities would you recommend? Why? can be linked to theories/literature) Bibliography Bialystok, E. (2008). Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism at an Early Age and the Impact on Early Cognitive Development. York University: Canada. Rev Ed Bialystok E, S. Majumder, MM. Martin. (2003). Developing Phonological Awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage? Applied Psycholinguistics; 24(1):27-44. British Council. https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/IELTS_Speaking_band_descriptors.pdf Bryman, A. (2012) Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Coleman, H. Capstick, T (2012). Language in Education in Pakistan https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Language%20In%20Education%20in%20Pakistan.pdf Corder, S. P. (1974). Error Analysis. In J. P. B. Allen, S. Pit Corder (Eds.), Techniques in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press. Crystal, D. (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press Dulay, H, M.Burt and S.Krashen. (1982). Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press Ellis, R (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press Ellis, R. Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analysing Learner Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jabeen, A (2015) PDF on Destop Mann, S. (2011) A Critical Review of Qualitative Interviews in Applied Linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 32(1) 6-24 Oxford Journals, 2016 http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/tropej/online/ce_ch14.pdf Richards, J. (1971). A non-contrastive approach to error analysis. English language teaching journal 25: 204-19 Richards, J. (2006). Communicative Language Teaching Today. New York: Cambridge University Press Skehan, P. (2001). Tasks and Language Performance Assessment in Bygate, M, Skehan, P and Swain, M (eds). Stefà ¡nsson, E. G. (2013). Second Language Acquisition: The Effect of Age and Motivation http://skemman.is/stream/get/1946/15018/35741/1/BA_EinarG.pdf The Telegraph, 2013 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/10315238/Are-children-really-better-at-foreign-language-learning.html Appendix 1 Partial Transcription of Interview Interviewer: what are your thoughts about the English Language, specifically what are the feelings towards English in your home language and is it spoken in comparison to other languages? Is not spoken at all? (.) like whats the kind of status of it? Jane: erm (.) I think we take it for granted because erm (.) I think like in terms of like learning the grammar and so on Ive seen how difficult it is teaching English myself in France I: mhm hmm J: and I think we just take it for granted that we can speak English really well but erm (.) I: so you can (.) sorry to interrupt so you taught English while you were in France J:yeah I was teaching [English I: [that was your erm (.) [placement J: [yeah that was my job I: Interesting J: So yeah just like (.) erm at some point it was like I need to teach them how to do this but you know erm (.) I:mhm hmm J: I dont know how to do it myself because Ive just learnt it (.) I:you just picked it up J:Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything erm (.) speaking of grammar (.) so it was just like you know we take it for granted that I can speak it but actually its really difficult to learn it (.) the English language (.) and I felt like that actually French was much easier to learn (.) I: mhm hmm J:than English was I:can you give me an example of the grammar (.) do you have any exercises that you perhaps were trying to use (.) to teach grammar (.) how were you trying to teach grammar and how was it harder J:erm (.) I did have a example but its just gone out my mind now erm (.) can we come back to that question I: yeah we can come back to that I: so going back to English in your home country, do people speak (.) if you went to a shop or you went to the cinema or you were in public (.) would people speak English or is it not really a language that is spoken? J: erm back then (.) so when I came here we used to go back to Pakistan every single [year I: [what year was that? J: that was (.) we came here in 2002 I:mhmm hmm J:and up until 2006(.) 2007(.) used to visit our family every single year so at that time (.) I:mhmm hmm J: not a lot of people spoke English I: hmm J: You know when you go to the shops or the malls (.) they all [referring to Pakistan locals] speak their own language (.) but now that I go back its a lot more modern (.) I do live in a city Im not from the village side (.) I live in the secondbiggest city of Pakistan so now that Ive been back its quite modern I:mhmm hmm J: So you know people will er (.) dress in a erm (.) westernised way (.) its very westernised so they speak English as well in their everyday lives they, they speak English maybe with their parents as well (.) I:mhmm hmm J: cause Ive seen my cousins erm whenever I speak to them over Skype (.) I:yeah J: or over the phone er (.) sometimes we just start speaking English and itsnormal so its like okay (.) I: thats so interesting J: you speak English really well and thats because its quite common to teach English now in schools because obviously teaching in year 6 is quite late (.) I: right J:so theyve started teaching them [earlier I:[so theyve moved the age up J:yeah I: so do you think if you were a child in Pakistan now (.) J:yeah I: say you left in year 4 again, do you think your English would have been better J: I would know er (.) some of the language if not like all of it (.) it would er (.) it wouldnt be like starting from scratch I: okay (.) so what are your thoughts on the English language on a global slash international scale (.) J: erm I:to give an example a lot of (.) political leaders (.) J: hmm I: a lot of conferences (.) a lot of important things are relayed in English J: mhmm hmm I: and (.) some people find that weird because English is only actually spoken by 8% of the world J: yeah I: by that (.) or any of your experiences (.) what are your thoughts (.) about English language on an international scale (.) obviously coming from being born in Pakistan coming here (.) and reflecting on how different it was then (.) J:mhmm hmm I: and now (.) and youve said yourself its westernised (.) what are your thoughts (.) Im not sure if Im making [much sense J: [I think (.) I think a lot of people associate the English language with being like intelligent (.) I:mhmm hmm J: so if youre able to speak English er you must be intelligent or you know you must be like highly educated or something but its (.) its just a language to me erm (.) cause Ive travelled (.) Ive travelled to so many places and (.) its just (.) among those languages English is just another language to [me I: [yeah J: so its not like (.) I understand erm you know a lot of (.) of these leaders they speak English and so because I think English is the one language that is (.) widely spoken but thats just (.) what we think I: yeah J: even though its not widely spoken but we assume that people (.) that wherever we go people will just know how to speak English I: mhmm hmm J: whereas they dont (.) so erm (.) does that answer your question I: yeah (.) J:[yeah I: [yeah it does answer my question J: okay I: so tell me about some of the difficulties you encountered while learning English erm (.) did it affect any of the languages you already speak or have spoken or (.) J: mhmm hmm I: did it improve them (.) did having another language already help you help English à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  - J: erm I think the difficulties I faced was erm (.) just (.) erm (.) well actually I dont know (.) just the difficulties that (.) erm you know just (.) the time it took me to learn the language I: mhmm hmm J: I mean I think it took me almost two and a half years (.) to be able to speak English fluently I:hmm J: so I could say that I did erm (.) affect (.) my school life I: hmm J: not in a (.) in a (.) like a bad way or something but because erm (.) its not like I got bullied or anything for my English or anything like that (.) erm I had a really good childhood but (.) I think it just kind of put me behind other students Causes Of Deficit: The Financing In Pakistan Causes Of Deficit: The Financing In Pakistan The aim of any government is to fulfill the socioeconomic responsibilities in order to break the vicious cycle of poverty and also uplift the economic conditions. In Pakistan it has been practiced that the aggregate of tax collection and no tax collection revenues are not ample to meet the government expenditure. To fulfill the gap between the spending and revenues so the economist used the perception of deficit financing. The government borrowing from banking and non banking sector and printing new currency is called deficit financing. Deficit financing shows the difference between projected expenditure and projected spending. To fill the gap of government borrows from 1) state bank of the country 2) borrow from commercial banks 3) borrows from non financial sector such as saving centers, insurance companies 4) the last source is printing new notes known as deficit financing. Deficit financing is a situation where government spends more money than its revenue collection. Deficit financing is used for different purposes the main purpose of deficit financing is used to end the recession when the economic activity slow down in order to retrieve the economy in the better situation. In the third world countries like Pakistan the deficit financing becomes the requirement due to bad governance, insufficient spending policies, corruption, tax evasion, and insufficient tax collection. In the west the phrase Deficit Financing is used to explain the intentionally create a difference between public revenues and expenditures or the budget deficit. This gap or difference can be filled by public borrowing, commercial banks, and central bank. The idle saving of is used to fill this gap that in turn increase the employment and output of the country. Deficit financing is the most important tool of generating capital in developing and underdeveloped countries. In developed nation the new currency notes are used to support the public investment that in turn increases the growth rate of a country. The government used the borrowed money for the development purposes i.e. railways, roads, air services, social overhead capital, schools, hospitals etc. The deficit financing is also used to increase the economic activity of a private sector in the country. The monetary expansion in developing countries attached with high rate of borrowing from banks and international sources to finance their budget deficit, budget deficit is the one factor that contributes in disequilibrium in the balances of payments. In developing countries governments are unable to mobilize or use their domestic resources due to inefficient tax system, in such countries the capital market are also underdeveloped and the interest rate determines institutionally. In such circumstances the supply of money increase that causes an increase in the price level. There are different sources of financing the economic development; these resources are domestic resources and foreign resources. Domestic resources are those in which the government finances through taxation, public borrowing, and the saving of government that include the surplus and also include the deficit financing. The foreign source of finance consists of loans, grants, and private investment. The significance of both domestic and foreign resources has their own in developing countries. The most important thing is used to execute these resources in a way that maximum benefit can be achieved for rapid development. 1.1 Background of the problem Pakistan is a large country with a population of 17.50 million in 2010. The economy of Pakistan is still facing the low level of per capita income that is stranded at 699 US $ in December 2012. In Pakistan the ratio of the budget deficit is different in different years. From last two decades the budget deficit is 5.4% to 8.7% of GDP. The average deficit rate was 6% in the period of 1970and it was 7.6% in the period of 1980.In 1990s the deficit ratio was decreased to 6.4% of GDP due to a reduction in development expenditure. The ratio was not achieved by enhancing the tax system but due to the reduction in the development expenditure. The Pakistan tax system is still narrow and punctured due to the poor and weak tax administration. The balance of payments deficit has become a permanent problem of Pakistans economy. For the last fifty years Pakistan has been facing continuously from a current account deficit. The international loans are used to finance the deficit. The debt service charged more than 5% of the GDP of the country. With large budget deficit there is need of rapid growth of domestic credit. In underdeveloped countries the role of free capital markets is limited. The main source of government deficit is financed by the banking system. Like other developing countries Pakistan is also facing a large budget deficit as the most outstanding problem. Deficit financing is also responsible for high inflation rate, decrease growth rate, and low opportunities for private investment. Pakistan faces different rates of the budget deficit in different years. In last two decade the budget deficit ratio was 5.4% -8.7% of GDP. The ratio was 7.6% in 1980s the ratio became 7.6% in 2001- 2002. The rate of budget deficit in Pakistan has grown consistently with the passage of time. At the time of 80sthe budget deficit has increased as much as faster than the early periods and touched the ratio of 8.4% in 1987-88. The rate of budget deficits has decreased to 7% but that ratio was also considered high one of the experts. Due to large budget deficit there was a high rate borrowing is used to responsible for an increase in the domestic debts since 1980-81. In the period of 90s the severe situation faced by the State Bank of Pakistan to control inflation within the targeted limit and make sure the macroeconomic stability. In the fiscal year of 1998 and 2003 the rate of inflation was 4.6% that were relatively lesser the best rate. In early 1973 and 1980 the inflation rate was two digit figures that were 14.3%. The rate of inflation controlled in the period of 1980 that was 7.2% per annum but unfortunately the rate of inflation again grown to 10% per annum. The high rate of inflation also caused due to excess money supply, fiscal imbalances, and deficit finance sources. 1.2 Problem Formulation Chaudhary and Hamid (2001) Pakistan are facing severe obstacles of generating public revenue. The persistent failure in attainment of public revenue leads the public sector to depend on public borrowing. The result is that the public debt goes to increase the rate of 90% of GDP and the rate of budget deficit increase to 8% of GDP. The figure of budget deficit lead to double digit inflation (ref). These imbalances adversely affect the economy. These problems all are interconnected with each other in order to decrease the public revenues that in turn create the hindrance to meet the needs of the public expenditures. In this regard the efforts are made to improve the taxation system that is not based on the scientific approach, thats why the to attain the target of achieving the projected target failed continuously. The result is that it is not only used to meet the demands of development projects because at that time it not able to meet the demand of the current expenditure. In Pakista n the less than 1% population is taxpayer. According to the economic survey of (1998-99) Pakistan has experienced the sustainable growth rate more than three decades till 1990. Pakistans economy grew at the rate of 6% per annum more than three decades but the situation became adverse in 1990. The collection of tax also became very adverse at a satisfactory level. The other developing nations like Pakistan at the age of early growth need to get higher revenue than the developed nations. Due to the obstacles that prevail in getting the higher growth rate this could lead to the unsustanability to survive. According to the economic survey of 1998-99 the growth rate of Pakistan goes to down at 4.5% per annum, the ratio was about 6% in the last 3 decades and same ratio was 3% for few years. The deficit finance is the result of failure in an increase in the public sector to increase their savings. The trend shows that the efforts made in collecting taxes do not meet the demand of the public. It is important to note that Pakistan is not attaining the targeting revenue through tax. According to world development report (1979, 1991and 1997) the rate of tax collecting in the other developing countries is 25%. In the period of 1998-99 the tax shortfall was approximately 20%; it shows that there is need of detailed study of the tax reform system. The economic crises over in 2008, Pakistan have enjoyed greater economic activity. The policy maker in Pakistans fights a battle against the crisis hit in 2008-2009. The sudden increase in the oil prices also causes the alarming situation for the deficit in foreign debt and also decrease the value of the rupee. Pakistan made efforts to seek the international monetary fund after the allies of China, USA, and Saudi Arabia to refuse to provide the funds to the country in October 2008. Pakistan has provided the US$ 1 billion loan for 23 months. Pakistan asked the IMF to raise their loan from US47.6 billion to US$ 12.1 billion in February 2009. In august 2009 the IMF increases the time span to 25 months and increase the grant to US$11. 3 billion to meet their financial needs. 1.3 Previous Studies Ishfaq and Chaudhary (1999)The debt history of Pakistan started in 1984-85, when the surplus revenues turned into a deficit. The fiscal deficit and debt converted into multiple rates. The total deficit rate was Rs 89.2 billion in 1990-91 that rate was increased to 66% in 1997-98 and approximately to Rs 148 billion. The domestic debt was increased to 185 percent the amount increased Rs 448 billion to Rs 1280 billion and foreign debt increased to 156 percent the amount was Rs 272 billion to Rs 697 billion in the same time period. Pakistan has an opportunity to do some measures for the establishment of the macroeconomic indicator rather than to go for deficit financing for generating the revenue. In the mid of the 2008 the Pakistan started registering the imbalance in the overall economy. At the end of the 2008 the Pakistan fiscal deficit was increased to $ 5.6 billion that exceed to $ 8 billion. The trade deficit also increases to $ 13 billion to $ 18 billion. Foreign reserve has fallen to decrease to $ 6.5 billion. (Baig, 2011) Pakistan forced to take the help from the IMF in order to get financing for the deficit finance of their economy. The help provided by the IMF was the package of $6.7 billion that was later increased to $ 11.3 billion in 2009. The IMF also helped Pakistan by providing bilateral and multilateral aid that also causes to increase external debt and liabilities to $ 54 billion from $ 41 billion in January 2008. Pakistan is also used to sovereign bonds and sindak bonds in order to use another form of deficit financing. This also creates a problem for a country to repurchase these bonds according to their specified time table or schedule because different countries have different foreign currencies. In these situation investors does not show their concern toward the investment. (Baig, 2011) These both measures are taken by the international market that is not so enough for the needs of the Pakistan and then government compelled toward the third mode of deficit finance monetization. The Pakistani government relies on the domestic borrowing that is the cause of disparities in the debt dynamics. The domestic debt borrowing increased to 24% in the mid of 2008. Pakistan domestic debt was multiplied from Rs 2610 to Rs 4490 in the fiscal year of 2007.At the end of March 2010 Pakistan domestic debt was $ 53.2 billion which was appoximately30.6% of GDP. All the source of the deficit finance is failing to attain the desired results and lead the economy toward the negative direction. By the mid of 2010 Pakistans total domestic debt reached to $ 100 billion and there is already paid interest about $5.6 billion and debt servicing amounted $ 7.6 billion annually that was expected to cross the limit of $ 10 billion after the fiscal year of 2010-11. (Baig, 2011) Deficit finance works only when there are such sound policies that direct the planners that how to spend money in a way that raise debt, generate revenues and also plan some actionable ideas that directs that how to repay the debt. For the attainment of all these targets there should be a need of honest and sincere governors that Pakistan does not have. In this way we are able to increase the debt and rising the liabilities that is useful for the upcoming generation to pay off that. The money that is used to spend on the future of the Pakistani people should also be spent on the future of Pakistan that could be served as the bureaucracy, foreign visit, corruption and government functionaries. Today the Pakistan debt situation is alarming and we have no plans that how to raise sustainable revenues and having no idea that how to accumulate the external and domestic debt. We have very few and tough choices to make serious and valuable decisions. (Baig, 2011) Causes of Deficit Financing in Pakistan The main causes of deficit financing in Pakistan are: Increase in government expenditure: The government expenditures both development and non development are increasing as time passes. The government has not been able to meet the expenditure by its revenues. Ineffective budget deficit: There are ineffective fiscal policies implemented in Pakistan and fiscal indiscipline also result the public debt. Fiscal deficit: The average fiscal deficit in 1990s was 7% of GDP. The public debt increased from 66% of GDP in 1980 that almost 100% by the mid of 2000. In 2004-2005 the fiscal deficit was 3.3% of GDP however; it increased to 4.2% in 2006-2007. Low saving: The people of Pakistan are consumption oriented. Due to high consumption rate the saving ratio was lower than 16%. Rapid population growth: The rapid population growth also a main cause to slow down the economic activity of a country. According to economic survey of 2007-2008 the population growth was 1.8%. In underdeveloped countries the increase in money supply is one of the major causes of disequilibrium in the balance of payment with heavy government borrowing from banks and as well as from international source of finance. In such developing countries government relies on the deficit financing due to unable to use their domestic sources due to the inflexible tax structure. The capital market of such underdeveloped nations is not able to determine the interest rate and the interest rate was determined by the institutions that in case the result of excess money supply. 1.4 Purpose Statement The rationale of this study is used to test the theory of association that relates the dependent variables and independent variables. Here in this study the factors (exchange rate, inflation, tax, interest rate) that is affected by the deficit financing are independent variables and GDP is dependent variable. Its individuality will be statistically restricted in this study. 1.5 Objective of Study The following objective will be paying consideration to guide the study: To study the impact of deficit finance on the exchange rate To analyze the effect of deficit financing on the tax rates. To study the impact of deficit finance on the interest rate. 1.6 Significance of Study Our study is about the impact of exchange rate, inflation, taxes and interest rate on deficit financing. In which we will see that how the factors are directly or indirectly affect by the deficit financing. LITERATURE REVIEW Mukhtar and Zakaria (2011) explain their study that, In the economic journalism, frequent models have been designed to examine the long-run association between inflation, money supply and budget deficit. However the proof from the observed literature is diverse. In 1990 De Haan and Zelhorst investigate the link between government deficit in budget and money growth in underdeveloped nations. The general conclusion of this study does not offer much sustained for the suggestion that government budget deficit causes monetary expansion and, therefore, leads to price increases. Vieira at (2000) examines the association between economic deficit and inflation in the case of six major European economies. The domino consequence present modest support for the proposal that the deficit in the budget was a significant causal reason for inflation in these economies over the most recent 45 years. Drivel and Ndungu (2001), as an active error correction model of inflation for Kenya, find that money s upply affect price only in the short-run. Though, the study by Catao and Terrones in 2003 shows that there is a strong positive affiliation between budget deficits and inflation among the underdeveloped countries as well as countries characterized by high inflation, but not among advanced economies with low-inflation. In the case of Pakistan, the study conducted to inspect the part of fiscal deficit as a major determinant of inflation also give mixed results. Bilquees in (1988) discover no connection stuck between deficit in the budget and inflation. In 1998 Neyaptis experiential study based on the data set for 44 underdeveloped and less developed nations indicates that the positive involvement between the deficit in the budget and inflation is not statistically important for a number of nations as well as Pakistan. On the other hand, in comparison to these studies, in 1994 Shabbir and Ahmed locate a constructive connection linking budget deficits and inflation in Pakistan. According to their result, if there will be a 1 percent increase in budget deficit there will be 6 to 7% increase in the general price level. According to Chaudary and Ahmed in 1995 explain that if internally finance the budget deficit mainly from banking system then there will be an inflationary pressure in the long run. The o utcome point to a constructive affiliation stuck between budget deficit and inflation during sharp inflation periods of the 1970s. The authors also find that money supply is not exogenous; rather, it depends on the location of global funds and fiscal deficit. Khan and Qasim in 1996 expose that the expansionary fiscal policy standpoint has been reflected in a weakening balance of payments position and has induced frequent down amendment in the rupee, which has caused the price level to increase. (Mukhtar and Zakaria, 2011) Afreen Baig in 2011 used to examine and study the impact of deficit financing in developed countries. The US government responded with unprecedented bank bailouts worth $700 billion and further $787 billion fiscal stimulus package. According to data compiled by Bloomberg, the US has spent or guaranteed bail outs worth $11.6 trillion, only little less than the worth of their total GDP. With Interest rates lingering around zero percent and around $300 billion already given in tax cuts this had to be the best possible approach. The wars after 911, in Afghanistan and Iraq, forced the national debt to swell from $5 trillion to $13.5 trillion today. Since 1770s, the US national debt has soared higher à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  fueled by wars, economic recessions and accumulated budget deficits. The USA had to deficit finance their economy out on every occasion, consequentially raising the debt to about 100% of their GDP. These days, USAs GDP is $14.3 billion dollars and a community debts of $13.92 billion dollars. Furthermore, the USA has a trade lack of $0.501 billion dollars and funds lack of $1.4 09 billion dollars. Their supplies are a negligible $129 billion dollars in evaluation of their nationwide failures, insufficient to back up the imbalances designed in the overall financial system. For USA, Deficit funding has not assisted generate that good incidents, to generate sufficient earnings, in order to get over the yearly failures or decrease their community debts. The economy shall keep warm up, unless the directing concept implemented is that of long term revenue creation and stability in the macro-economic signs with regard to their GDP. However, since Money is the source money in the world, there is hardly any possibility of US sovereign standard. (Baig, 2011) Similarly, the Economy of UK has not been that perfect, and decades of lack funding, including the present trance of relief and quantitative reducing, value around  £1.122 billion dollars and interest prices cut as low as 0.5%, in previous times two decades several weeks, from 4.5% in 2008 has not provided a substitute design for long-lasting financial development and durability. Today, UK the globes 5th biggest financial system, has a GDP of around $2.15 billion dollars and a public debt of $9.12 billion dollars. Furthermore, they have a business lack of $123 billion dollars and a fund deficit of $312 billion dollars, accented by their pitiable international supplies of $53 billion dollars. UKs external debt as the amount of their GDP has rocketed to 424% and the perspective to 2011 is as perturbing, as throughout the economic downturn period of 2007-2010, even after the various ways of deficit financing Despite whatever upgrades the financial experts predict, most of the Western economies keep warm up, are vulnerable to the tiniest sign of financial recession and the recovery begins flagging in any case, despite all efforts at lack reducing. The only reason for this warming up is that they have become amongst the globes maximum struggling with debt countries, due to years of lack funding, with their income creation not adequate to back up their development on their own. Most of these Western financial systems have become disaster-prone, unless they create resolute attempts to lower their debt to GDP rate, and further create sure you bring about equilibrium in their significant financial signs, even if they cannot accomplish budget surplus. (Baig, 2011) China providers however, has been in a fairly good position, mainly due to its balanced macro-economic signs and sensible guidelines. Genuine and identified cost-effective changes of late 70s set the stage for balance in an investment, industrial, local consumption, exports and income generation. Today, China providers an economic system with a GDP of above $5 billion money has a limited group cost-effective financial debt of merely $347 billion money dollars, a positive business excess of $190 billion money dollars, and a little budget absence of $109 billion money dollars. Extremely, China providers also maintain the planets biggest collected sovereign funds, foreign resources of $2.648 billion money. These encouraging set of macro-economic indicators enabled China providers to prevent international results of financial issues easily, however providing its local consumption, in wake up of low business goals. Lack financing worked for China providers it shored up on extra group s pending, as its group financial circumstances remained continuous throughout. The stimulus measures or absence financing, wishes to increase Chinas group cost-effective financial debt hardly by 3% of their GDP, without creating any problem. (Baig, 2011) Chinas projects to get over the repercussions of financial issues are much more commendable and more sensible, than any other country in the world. While most nations spend huge on bailing out financial institutions and financial companies to improve indirect resources for trading markets, China providers have offered direct employment and money activity in the trading markets. China providers released upon the most sensible of absence financing. (Baig, 2011) The government will be able to fund only 5% of its resources absence with international loans, throwing the rest of the economy problem on family sources of financing, helping the possibility of continuous excellent bolstering, excellent prices and low economic growth during economical period 2012. As a result of the cancellation of the $11.3 billion money dollars Globally Financial Finance (IMF) bailout program, which activated other worldwide loan providers to delay their financing as well, the government will be remaining with less than $526 million (Rs46 billion) in net external financing during the economical period completing May 30, 2012. This amount is just 5.3% of the resources absence, approximated at Rs856 billion money dollars or 4% of the complete size of the marketplace during the next economic period. Many professionals have regarded the concentrate on good at best. The rest of the Rs810 billion money dollars will have to be raised for the family market, for which the government is likely to turn to two sources, neither of which is delicious from the economical perspective. The first is credit from professional banking organizations, which drives out lending towards the personal market and reduces economical growth. The second choice is to power the main financial institution to simply make money, which is the single biggest cause of bolstering in the country. (The Express Tribune, May 26th, 2011) The government credit for funding of financial lack has improved the attention transaction to 58. 5 percent of the complete net approximated income during the present financial season, official documents revealed. The government has reserved Rs 699 billion dollars in the present financial season budget for attention transaction, which has now been improved to Rs 727 billion dollars due to credit by the government for funding of financial lack and great attention rate by the Condition Financial institution of Pakistan to acquire the blowing up. The complete approximated net income available with the government is Rs 1,242 billion dollars after Rs 993 billion dollar transfers to the regions against attention transaction of Rs 727 billion dollars during 2010-11. The Fund Ministry also acknowledged that community industry lack plays a role in inflationary pressure and shows dangerous for financial commitment and growth by increasing household investment and forcing up prices. The problem with the Condition Financial institution of Pakistan of funding the government financial lack is a negative aspect of the macroeconomic situation and deteriorates its ability to engage in a sound monetary plan. The reason behind this is that the funding of the lack takes up funds in the personal and banking industry which would otherwise be used for the financial commitment. The funding of the lack forced the Central Financial institution of Pakistan to keep prices great which get smaller credit to the personal industry and ultimately undermin es financial commitment. According to Fund Ministry after several decades from 2000 forward the country s community financial debt reduced and brought under a degree of management, the trend since 2008 has been towards improved indebtedness. This is true both for household financial debt, which had carried the main part of the problem of funding the community industry lack, and two exterior financial debts, in which the inevitable options to credit up to 9 billion dollars from the IMF to address the 2008 economic crisis, has left a heritage of substantial exterior financial debt repayment obligations for the coming 3-4 decades. This problem substantially reduces room for manoeuvring in community industry funding. This all happened because of a failure by the government to implement the financial plan as on the one side it was able to mobilize resources by bringing casual areas in the tax net while however it was not ready to manage investments. (31 May 2011 BUSINESS RECORDER WWW. FO REXPK .COM) Gaber in 2010 explain the financial plan symbolizes strong instrument which through community expenditure and taxation can have an impact on the combination need for goods and solutions in the economic system. The budget lack plan, excessive community financial commitment upon collecting community earnings, is started because of the economic growth impact. Through the household and organization choices that modify the money supply or level of taxation, there is oblique impact of the combination need bend. But with public expenditure involved from the government, there is a direct impact on the aggregate need bends. If we assume that the government made a buy of some community good, for example flat lands, it will improve the combination need. But is the amount of change the same as the preliminary community expenditure? Therefore, we are faced with two macroeconomic results. The first, multiplier impact indicates that the movement in the combination need will be bigger than they buy, but the second one crowding out indicates that the combination need modify will be smaller than the preliminary community financial commitment that can be seen the latter. However, improved need leads to with bigger engagement of the workforce and higher earnings of the organization. That kind of modern impact is relocated to the worker wages and other organization earned, which results to improve of consumption of different goods and solutions. So the state need for planes increases the need for other companys products in the economic system. Because an increase in the combination need is bigger than the preliminary government financial commitment, it is said that the government investing has growing impact on the aggregate demand. This implies that there is a review between the greater aggregate demand and the earnings which consistently leads towards greater need, then again to greater earnings etc. All these results imply that the total impact on demand goods and solutions will be bigger in respect to kick off point of the government financial commitment. Also, that could start response from the financial commitment side as a reply to the increased need of goods and solutions. That would mean an additional investment in the plain organization for new plant, equipment and so on. In this case, the higher government investing produces greater financial commitment products need. This is known as financial commitment decrease. (Gaber,2010) Multiplier effect could be obtained from the individual investing multiplier where the minor tendency to eat (MPC) is the essential factor the aspect of the extra income that the family takes in instead of preserving it. The multiplier = 1+MPC+MPC2+MPC3+=1/ (1-MPC). It shows the need for products and services created upon 1 European of government financial commitment. The multiplier reasoning indicates to any part of the GDP, and not only to the government financial commitment, as customer investing, financial commitment and net trade. So, if it acquires decrease in the net trade of some nation, for example, in the amount of 1 million European, the decrease in nations products will put stress on the national Income and therefore will decrease the household customer investing. With MPC=4, the net trade decrease of 1 thousand European will mean shrinkage in the aggregate need from 4 thousand European. (Gaber,2010) This is only the first device of the financial plan, public financial commitment, but there is another taxation, which also can have effects on nationwide income. That can be seen through the personal income tax. Decrease in this tax will improve the household income that the individuals take home. One aspect is stored and the other is consumed. Because of taking changes, there is action in the aggregate demand bend to the right. Reverse, tax improve will decrease investing and move the combination need bend to the left3. Therefore, the multiplier and frequenting out effect is also regular for the second instrument of the financial plan. When the